Turning points
What came next
With no caliph left, the Muslim world entered the age of nation states. Saudi Arabia was declared in 1932, Pakistan was born in 1947 and Israel in 1948.
Map 10 of 11 · 1914 to 1924
Map of the Muslim world in 1923
The end of the caliphate. Zoom in, compare the frontier with other centuries and tap a battle for the story.
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Battles
Battles on the 1923 map
Each one has its own page with the sides, the commanders and the result.
- Battle of Navarino1827
- Retreat from Kabul1842
- Siege of Delhi1857
- Battle of Tel el-Kebir1882
- Battle of Omdurman1898
- Italian Invasion of Libya1911 to 1912
- Battle of Sarikamish1914 to 1915
- Gallipoli Campaign1915 to 1916
- Siege of Kut1915 to 1916
- Fall of Jerusalem1917
- Battle of Dumlupinar1922
- First Kashmir War1947 to 1948
All maps
Eleven turning points
632The Prophet's state in Madinah610 to 632
644Abu Bakr and Umar: the great conquests632 to 644
661Uthman, Ali and the first civil war644 to 661
750The Umayyads of Damascus661 to 750
800The Abbasid golden age750 to 945
1000Three caliphs at once909 to 1055
1190The Crusades and Salahuddin1071 to 1192
1260The Mongol storm1219 to 1260
1683Three gunpowder empires1453 to 1707
1923The end of the caliphate1914 to 1924
2026Nation states and modern wars1948 to 2026
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Khilafat aur Jangen puts this history in one Urdu PDF: 64 pages, 14 maps, family trees, charts and timelines from 632 to 2026.
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