How big, and how long?

The early caliphates grew fastest: the Umayyads reached about 11 million km² within 60 years of the Prophet's death, but lasted less than a century. The Ottomans were half that size at their peak and lasted more than six centuries. Size came from conquest; survival came from institutions, succession rules and money.

The longest lived was the Ottoman Empire, at 623 years. The shortest was the Rashidun Caliphate, at 29.

Areas are scholarly estimates of each state at its largest, mostly from Rein Taagepera's studies of historical empires, and are rounded to 0.1 million km².