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Modern wars · 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Seventeen days of fighting, including one of the largest tank battles since the Second World War at Chawinda near Sialkot. Pakistan marks 6 September as Defence Day.

The site of the battle on the 2026 map. Shaded: Countries hit by major wars since 1979, Gaza and the West Bank.

Key facts

When
1965
Where
Kashmir, Lahore and Sialkot fronts
Sides
Pakistan vs India
Commanders
Ayub Khan vs Lal Bahadur Shastri
Result
Ceasefire; Tashkent Declaration, 1966
Type
Modern wars
Chapter
7. The Modern Muslim World

The wider picture: Nation states and modern wars

Most Muslim lands won independence between the 1920s and the 1960s. Since then the region has seen more war than almost anywhere else: Israel's wars with its neighbours, two Afghan wars, the Iran Iraq war, American wars in Iraq, civil wars in Syria and Yemen, and in 2026 a war on Iran.

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