Rulers

List of Ottoman Sultans, 1299 to 1922

36 Ottoman sultans ruled from 1299 to 1922. The average reign lasted 17.0 years and the longest was Suleiman I's, at 46 years. 5 were killed and 10 deposed or stepped down.

36rulers

17.0years, average reign

46 yrslongest: Suleiman I

5killed (14%)

Every ruler, with the length of each reign

1Osman I

1299 to 1324

Died naturally. Founder. Led a small frontier state in north-west Anatolia. Reigned 1299 to 1324.

2Orhan

1324 to 1362

Died naturally. Took Bursa and crossed into Europe. Reigned 1324 to 1362.

3Murad I

1362 to 1389

Killed. Stabbed by a Serbian noble after the Battle of Kosovo. Reigned 1362 to 1389.

4Bayezid I

1389 to 1402

Deposed or abdicated. Captured by Timur at Ankara and died in captivity in 1403. An eleven-year interregnum followed. Reigned 1389 to 1402.

5Mehmed I

1413 to 1421

Died naturally. Reunited the state after the civil war. Reigned 1413 to 1421.

6Murad II

1421 to 1451

Died naturally. Abdicated once, then returned to win at Varna. Reigned 1421 to 1444 and 1446 to 1451.

7Mehmed II

1444 to 1481

Died naturally. The Conqueror. Took Constantinople in 1453. Some suspect poison in his death. Reigned 1444 to 1446 and 1451 to 1481.

8Bayezid II

1481 to 1512

Deposed or abdicated. Forced to abdicate by his son Selim and died soon after. Reigned 1481 to 1512.

9Selim I

1512 to 1520

Died naturally. Defeated the Safavids and Mamluks and took Egypt and the holy cities. Reigned 1512 to 1520.

10Suleiman I

1520 to 1566

Died naturally. The Magnificent, or the Lawgiver. Died during the siege of Szigetvar. Reigned 1520 to 1566.

11Selim II

1566 to 1574

Died naturally. Reigned 1566 to 1574.

12Murad III

1574 to 1595

Died naturally. Reigned 1574 to 1595.

13Mehmed III

1595 to 1603

Died naturally. Reigned 1595 to 1603.

14Ahmed I

1603 to 1617

Died naturally. Built the Blue Mosque. Reigned 1603 to 1617.

15Mustafa I

1617 to 1623

Deposed or abdicated. Deposed twice. Reigned 1617 to 1618 and 1622 to 1623.

16Osman II

1618 to 1622

Killed. Killed by rebelling Janissaries, the first sultan murdered by his own troops. Reigned 1618 to 1622.

17Murad IV

1623 to 1640

Died naturally. Took Baghdad back from the Safavids in 1638. Reigned 1623 to 1640.

18Ibrahim

1640 to 1648

Killed. Deposed and executed. Reigned 1640 to 1648.

19Mehmed IV

1648 to 1687

Deposed or abdicated. Deposed after the failure at Vienna. Reigned 1648 to 1687.

20Suleiman II

1687 to 1691

Died naturally. Reigned 1687 to 1691.

21Ahmed II

1691 to 1695

Died naturally. Reigned 1691 to 1695.

22Mustafa II

1695 to 1703

Deposed or abdicated. Signed the Treaty of Karlowitz, then was deposed in the Edirne revolt. Reigned 1695 to 1703.

23Ahmed III

1703 to 1730

Deposed or abdicated. The Tulip Era. Deposed in the Patrona Halil revolt. Reigned 1703 to 1730.

24Mahmud I

1730 to 1754

Died naturally. Reigned 1730 to 1754.

25Osman III

1754 to 1757

Died naturally. Reigned 1754 to 1757.

26Mustafa III

1757 to 1774

Died naturally. Reigned 1757 to 1774.

27Abdulhamid I

1774 to 1789

Died naturally. Lost the Crimea to Russia. Reigned 1774 to 1789.

28Selim III

1789 to 1807

Killed. Reformer. Deposed by the Janissaries and killed in 1808. Reigned 1789 to 1807.

29Mustafa IV

1807 to 1808

Killed. Deposed and executed. Reigned 1807 to 1808.

30Mahmud II

1808 to 1839

Died naturally. Destroyed the Janissaries in 1826. Reigned 1808 to 1839.

31Abdulmejid I

1839 to 1861

Died naturally. Launched the Tanzimat reforms. Reigned 1839 to 1861.

32Abdulaziz

1861 to 1876

Deposed or abdicated. Deposed and found dead days later. Reigned 1861 to 1876.

33Murad V

1876 to 1876

Deposed or abdicated. Deposed after three months on grounds of mental illness. Reigned 1876 to 1876.

34Abdulhamid II

1876 to 1909

Deposed or abdicated. Promoted the caliphate and built the Hijaz Railway. Deposed by the Young Turks. Reigned 1876 to 1909.

35Mehmed V

1909 to 1918

Died naturally. Declared jihad in 1914 as Ottoman caliph. Reigned 1909 to 1918.

36Mehmed VI

1918 to 1922

Deposed or abdicated. The last sultan. The sultanate was abolished and he left on a British warship. Reigned 1918 to 1922.

Bars run from 1299 to 1922. Reign years follow the usual dates in the standard histories; a few rulers who were deposed and later killed are counted as killed. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.

Chapter 5: The Ottomans Map of 1683 Dynasty timeline

People

Osman I Mehmed II, the Conqueror Selim I Suleiman the Magnificent Abdulhamid II

How reigns ended, all six dynasties

Rashidun Caliphs5 rulers · 632 to 661

131

60% killed

Umayyad Caliphs14 rulers · 661 to 750

1121

14% killed

Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad37 rulers · 750 to 1258

22105